| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ARDS | Acure respiratory |
| COPD | Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, usually progressive, and associated w/an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious gases or particles. (Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma, and Bronchiectasis). |
| Code Name | Name assigned by |
| CF | Cystic Fibrosis: inherited disease of the exocrine glands, affecting the pancreas, respiratory system, and apocrine glands. Symptoms usually during infancy and are characterized by increased electrolytes in |
| Generic Name | Name assigned to a chemical by the USNA |
| Pharmacy | The preparation and dispensing of drugs |
| Pharmacognosy | The identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals. |
| Pharmacogenetics | The study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects |
| Terapeutics | The art of treating disease with drugs |
| Toxicology | Study of toxic substances and their pharmacological actions, including |
| Each drug has five different names, they are… | Chemical, code, official, generic, and Trade/Brand name |
| Pharmacodynamics | The |
| Pharmacokinetics | The time course and |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gram-neg. |
| RSV | Respiratory syncytial virus: Virus that causes the formation of syncytial masses in cells, leads to |
| Advantages of Aerosolized agents given by inhalation | Smaller doses for the same purpose and given |
| Antiinfective agents | Inhibition or eradication of specific infective agents, such as |
| Adrenergic Agernts | Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and bronchodilation, to reduce airway resistance and to improve ventilatory rates in airway obstruction in COPD’ers. |
| Anticholinergic Agents | Topical |
| Mucoactive Agents | Modification |
| Corticosteroids | Reduction and control of airway inflammatory response, usually associated w/asthma or with |
| Antiasthmatic Agents | Prevention of the onset and development of the asthmatic response, through inhibition of chemical mediators of inflammation |
| Exogenous Surfactants | Approved clinical use is by direct intratracheal instillation, for the |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a drug? | Any chemical that alters an |
| What is pharmacology? | The study of drugs and their actions |
| What is disease management? | The collective management of all aspects of a patients disease |
| What is the average cost of developing a new drug on the market? | 1.3-1.7 billion |
| What are some sources of drugs? | Plants, animals, minerals, chemicals, DNA |
| When was the FDA established? | 1938 |
| What does the FDA do? | regulate drug testing and approve new drugs on the market |
| How does the FDA treat herbals? | They treat them as dietary |
| What is the first stage of testing for drug development? | Testing on animals. |
| What is the first phase of human testing? | Small trial on normal subjects |
| What is the second phase of human testing? | Small trial on diseased subjects. |
| What is the third phase of human testing? | Large multi-center trials (FDA approval0 |
| What is the fourth phase of human testing? | post-marketing surveillance |
| What are sources of drug information? | Drug inserts or monographs American hospital formulary service PDR PDA Micromedex World |
| What is the chemical name? | It indicates the chemical structure for the manufacturing process |
| What is the generic name? | A non-proprietary name Given by the USAN lower case letters |
| What is the trade name? | The brand name These names are capitalized |
| What |
Reasons why you would use the medication. |
| What are contraindications? | Reasons why you would not use the medication. |
| Additive effect | Where both drugs have the same effect on a specific sign or symptom. 1+1=2 |
| Synergism | When the combination of two drugs can cause a much greater reaction than simply the sum of the effects of each drug. 1+1=3 |
| Drug potentiation | When one of the drugs have no direct effect and increases the response of the other drug which usually has a lesser effect. 1+0=3 |
| What is an adverse drug reaction? | An |
| First pass effect? | Liver metabolism |
| Enteral route? | Gastrointestinal. Has a systemic effect and goes through the first pass effect. PO, most common and convenient |
| Parenteral route | Injections Fast Acting Bypasses “first-pass effect” drugs must be soluble |
| Topical route | Skin/mucous membranes More localized vs. systemic with less side effects |
| Transdermal | Patch |
| What are four things that effect bioavailability? | solubility of the drug dosage form route of administration Ph values |
| What are pharmacokinetics? | Movement of drugs through the body |
| What are the four phases of |
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination |
| Absorbtion | Occurs when drug passes from administration site to the blood stream |
| Bioavailability | Measure of drug the makes it to the blood stream |
| Steady state | continued |
| Effective |
|
| Distribution | After absorbed the blood stream distributes drug to receptor sites |
| What affects distribution | Blood pressure/blood |
| Metabolism | The liver is the organ for metabolism. breaks down into metabolites oxidation system |
| Elimination | Kidneys and Urine (feces, skin,lungs) |
| Pharmacodynamics | What the drug does to the body |
| What are complete prescription orders? | Date,Time Procedure,therapy Medication and dosage Route of administration frequency special instructions physicians signature |
| The 5 rights | Right drug Right dose Right Patient right Time Right Route (always check allergies) |
| Therapist driven protocols | Used widely today Save time and money Have shown decreased lengths of stay Gives the RCP more flexibility Better Patient outcomes More job satisfaction |
| selectivity | The extent to which a drug affects a specific receptor site THe more specific the less side effects |
| Lock and Key receptor theory | Interaction between a drug or receptor. Only one drug can fit that receptor |
| Racemic mixtures | Drugs that contain two compounds(isomers) that may have different activity |
| Agonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor and cause an effect |
| Antagonist | Drugs that bind to a receptor and block an effect |
| Potency | (strength) Amount of drug required to cause a desired effect |
| Tolerance | Decrease in |
| Desensitization | Repeated exposure to a drug over a period of time that causes effect to decrease |
| Half- Life | Time required for blood/plasma concentration to fall to half the original concentration |
| Loading dose | Gets the concentration of drug up quickly |
| Maintenence dose | Maintains the level in blood, keeps drug at a |
| Toxicology | The study of drugs as they relate to poisons (2-5 million per year) |
| Emetics | Agents that induce vomiting |
| measurement of a drugs safety | |
| C | With |
| S | Without |
| P | After |
| A | Before |
| ac | before meals |
| bid | twice a day |
| cap | capsule |
| cc | cubic centimeter |
| IM | intramuscular |
| IV | Intravenous |
| L | liter |
| ml | mililiter |
| npo | nothing by mouth |
| pc | after meals |
| by mouth | |
| prn | as needed |
| q | every |
| every hour | |
| four times daily | |
| q.2h | every 2 hours |
| q.3h | every 3 hours |
| q.4h | every 4 hours |
| Rx | Take |
| sig | directions |
| stat | immediately |
| tab | tablets |
| tid | three times daily |
| ut |
as directed |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | The study of drugs (chemicals), including their |
| Drugs | Any chemical that alters the organism’s functions or processes. |
| Pharmacy | The preparation and dispensing of drugs. |
| Pharmacognosy | The identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals. |
| Each drug has 5 different names, what are they? | Chemical, Code, Official, Generic, and Trade (brand) name |
| Pharmacogenetics | The study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects. |
| Therapeutics | The art of treating disease with drugs. |
| Toxicology | The study of toxic substances and their pharmacological actions, including antidotes and poison control. |
| What are the official sources of drug information? | USP, NF, USP-NF |
| What are the unofficial sources of drug information? | Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) and Pharmacology texts and handbooks |
| What are the parts of a prescription? | Patients name, |
| Superscription | Tells the Pharmacist to take the drug listed and prepare it as specified. |
| Inscription | Lists the name and quantity of the drug being prescribed. |
| Investigating New Drugs – Phase 1 | Small group of healthy volunteers |
| Investigating New Drugs – Phase 2 | Small group of people with disease |
| Investigating New Drugs – Phase 3 | Large group of people with disease |
| New Drug Application | Reporting system for the first 6 months. |
| What are 2 parts of a drug approval? | Chemical identification & animal studies |
| What are the 4 drug sources? | Plant, animal, mineral, synthetic |
| Subscription | Preparation instructions for the Pharmacist |
| Transcription | Instructions to the patient |
Respiratory Pharmacology Chapter 1 Practice Questions:
1. Aerosolized
2. Aerosolized drug: Beractant is grouped with what agent?: Exogenous surfactant
3. Aerosolized drug: dornase alfa is grouped with what agent?: Mucoactive agent
4. Aerosolized drug: Epinephrine is grouped with what agent?: Adrenergic agent
5. Aerosolized
6. Aerosolized
7. Aerosolized drug: Zafirlukast is grouped with what agent?: Antiasthmatic agent
8. and: et
9. Antibiotics and antifungal drugs follow under what category of drugs: anti-infective drugs
10. as needed:
11. by mouth: PO
12. The chemical has therapeutic use and manufacturer wishes to market?: Generic name
13. A chemical that changes an organism’s function is called?: drug
14. cubic centimeter: cc
15. a drop: gtt
16. A drug in the body, based on its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination is called: Pharmacokinetics
17. A drug molecule causes its effect in the body is called: Pharmacodynamics
18. Drug’s chemical structure: chemical name
19. The drug’s chemical structure is called?: chemical name
20. every: q
21. every 3 hours: q3h
22. every 4 hours: q4h
23. every day:
24. every hour:
25. every other day:
26. every two hours: q2h
27. An experimental chemical that shows promise as a drug is called?: code name
28. four times daily:
29. The generic name becomes once it receives official approval is called?: official name
30. A gram-negative organism and is primarily a nosocomial organism/hospital-acquired disease.: Pseudomonas
31. Human studies are done in three phases what are they?: Phase 1: small # of health subjects, Phase 2: small # of people who have the disease that the drug will treat, Phase 3: large # of people with the disease @ different centers around the country.
32. Important therapeutic gain over other drugs: AA
33. Important therapeutic gain; indicated for a patient with AIDS: A
34. intramuscular: IM
35. intravenous: IV
36. List five advantages of aerosolized agents given by inhalation.: 1. Smaller doses may be given b/c the drug is acting directly on the airway. 2. Side effects are usually fewer and less severe (partly b/c of the smaller dose). 3. Onset of action is quick. 4. Drug is targets the respiratory system. 5. Painless, safe and convenient
37. List one advantage of orphan drugs: A drug available to treat rare disease
38. List one disadvantage of orphan drugs: no recovering of cost.
39. List three orphan drugs.: Beractant (Survanta), Tobramycin and Nitric Oxide
40. liter: L
41. Little or no therapeutic gain: C
42. milliliter: mL
43. Modest therapeutic gain: B
44. Most of today’s drugs come from chemicals…what certain ingredients is active
45. Name the six parts of a prescription.: 1. Patient’s name, address, date. 2. Rx, superscription: directs the pharmacist to take the drug listed and prepare the medication. 3. Inscription, name of drug and the amount prescribed. 4. Subscription, direction to the pharmacist about preparation. 5. “Sig” directions to the patient (some medications must be taken on an empty stomach some w/milk;how many tablets, how many times a day, etc). 6. Prescriber’s name that is, physician’s name
46. Name the therapeutic purpose for drug group antiasthmatic and lntal agent: Inhibition of chemical mediators
47. Name the therapeutic purpose for drug group anticholinergic and atrovent agent: Relaxation of bronchoconstriction
48. Name the therapeutic purpose for drug group antiinfective and ribavirin agent: Elimination of infective agents
49. Name the therapeutic purpose for drug group corticosteroid and budesonide agent: reduction of airway inflammation
50. Name the therapeutic purpose for drug group mucoactive and mucomyst agent.: Decrease in mucus viscosity
51. Name the therapeutic purpose for drug group surfactant and Infasurf agent: prostacyclin analogue
52. Name the therapeutic purpose for the drug group: adrenergic and albuterol agent: Bronchodilation
53. The nonproprietary name: generic name
54. not by mouth: NPO
55. An official source of information about drug standard is called?: U.S. Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF)
56. Reference source tells how the drugs works is called?: Physician’s desk reference
57. a spray: nebul
58. The study of drugs (chemicals) is called: Pharmacology
59. The study of toxic substances: Toxicology
60. T or F: The physician must write on the prescription that it is okay to use the generic form of the drug.: True
61. three times daily: tid
62. Treating disease with drugs: Therapeutics
63. twice daily: bid
64. A virus that causes the formation of syncytial masses in cells and may cause respiratory distress in young infants is called: respiratory syncytial virus
65. What agent and drug paralyze people and are used in critical care?: Pavulon drug
Neuromuscular blocking agents
66. What agents help to keep blood from clotting?: Anticoagulants and thrombolytics
67. What does PDR stands for?: Physician’s desk reference
68. What does USP-NF stands for?: U.S. Pharmacopeia-National Formulary
69. What drug gets rid of the excess body fluid (whether in the lungs, heart)?: Diuretic
70. What drug is used to help reduce the effect of pain by affecting the central nervous system?: Morphine, Analgesic, Sedative/hypnotic
71. What drug is used to treat dangerous cardiac dysrhythmias?: Lidocaine, Antiarrhythmics
72. What drugs is used to treat high blood pressure and chest pain?: B Blockers, Nitroglycerin, Antihypertension, Antianginals
73. What drugs treat infections?: antibiotics and antifungal drugs
74. Which orphan drug treats persistent pulmonary hypertension?: Nitric Oxide
75. Which orphan drug treats Pseudomonas aerugonosa in patients with cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis?: Tobramycin
76. Which orphan drug treats respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants: Beractant (Survanta)
77. acute respiratory distress sydrome (ARDS): Respiratory disorder characterized by respiratory insufficiency that may occur as a result of trauma, pneumonia, oxygen toxicity, gram-negative sepsis, and systemic inflammatory response
78. Advantages of aerosolized medications: dosages are smaller and fiben systemically, less side effects, rapid onset, it targets the system it is supposed to help, painless, and more convenient
79. Aerosolized agents: Group of aerosol drugs for pulmonary applications that includes adrenergic, anticholinergic, mucoactive, corticosteriod, antiasthmatic, and antiinfective agents and surfactants instilled directly into the trachea
80. Airway Resistance (Raw): Measure of the impedance to ventilation caused by the movement of gas through the airway
81. animal studies: once a drug has a chemical name they study how the drug effects animals. they look at the kidneys, liver or other specific organs. they do toxicology studies to look at the effects on reproduction and carcinogenicity of the drug. once they are ok with this they will make application for the new drug approval
82. Brand name / Trade name: Brand name, or proprietary name, given by a particular manufacturer
83. chemical isolation and identification: the first step in drug development is to identify the chemical and its potential useful physiologic effects. also tests possible effects
84. Chemical name: name indicating the chemical structure of a drug
85. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): disease process characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, is usually progressive, and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases. diseases that cause airflow limitation include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and bronchiectasis
86. Code name: name assigned by a manufacturer to an experimental chemical that shows potential as a drug. An example is aerosol SCH 1000, which was the code name for ipratropium bromide, a parasympatholytic bronchodilartor
87. Cystic Fibrosis (CF): inherited disease of the exocrine glands, affecting the pancreas, respiratory system, and apocrine glands. Symptoms usually begin in infancy and are characterized by increased electrolytes in the sweat, chronic respiratory infection, and pancreatic insufficiency
88. drug: it is any chemical that alters the fuction or processes of an organism
89. drug administration: method by which a drug is made available to the body
90. generic name: name assigned to a chemical by the United states adopted name (USAN) council when the chemical appears to have therapeutic use and the manufacturer wishes to market the drug
91. New Drug Application: when the three phases of investigating the drug are done a new drug application is filed with the FDA. this drug no longer experimental and is for the general population
92. New Drug Investigational Approval: phase 1 studies: small number, healthy subjects (look for rates of absorption into the body, how it is distributed, how it is metabolized and how it is eliminated.). phase 2 studies: small number, subjects with disease. phase 3 studies: Large, multicenter studies (they look for safety of drug and power to produce an effect)
93. non-proprietary name: name of a drug other then its trade marked name
94. official name: in the event that an experimental drug becomes fully approved for general use and is admitted to the united states pharmacopeia-national formulary (USP-NF), the generic name becomes the official name
95. orphan drug: drug of biologic product for the diagnosis or treatment of a rare disease (affecting fewer than 200,000 persons in the USA)
96. Parts of a prescrtiption: patients name, address and date, rx meaning “recipe or take thou”, inscription: lists the name and quantity of drug prescribed, subscription: when applicable, directions to pharmacist for preparation, Sig or signa (meaning write): instructions for patient, name of prescriber: physician, the superscription directs the pharmacist to take the drug listed and prepare the medication; the inscription lists the name and quantity of the drug being prescribed; the subscription provids directions to the pharmacist for preparing the medication; and the transcription, or signature, is the information the pharmacist writes on the label as instruction to the patient
97. pharmacodynamics: mechanisms of drug action by which a drug molecule causes its effect in the body
98. pharmacogenetics: study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects.
99. pharmacognosy: identification of sources of drugs, for plants and animals
100. pharmacology: the study of drugs, including their origin, properties and interactions with living organisms
101. pharmacy: preparation and dispensing of drugs.
102. pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci): organism causing pneumocystis pneumonia in humans, seen in immunosuppressed individuals such as those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
103. prescription: written order for a drug, along with any specific instructions for compounding, dispensing, and talking the drug. This order may be written by a physician, osteopath, dentist, veterinarian, and others but not by chiropractors or opticians
104. the process of drug approval in the USA: chemical isolation and identification, animal studies, investigational new drug approval, new drug application, food and drug administration new drug classification system, orphan drugs
105. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: gram negative organism, primarily a nosocomial pathogen, it causes urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia, bone and joint infections, gastrointestinal infections, and various systemic infections, particularly in patients with severe burns and in patients who are immunosuppressed (ex patients with cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS)
106. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Virus that causes the formation of syncytial masses in cells. this leads to inflammation of the bronchioles, which may cause respiratory distress in young infants
107. sources of drugs: animal, plant, mineral
108. therapeutics: Art of treating disease with drugs
109. toxicolo9gy: study of toxic substances and their pharmacologic actions, including antidotes and poison control
