Breathing in wildfire smoke poses a significant threat to your health, especially as wildfires have become more frequent and severe. The dense smoke contains harmful pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide, and toxic chemicals, all of which can penetrate deep into your lungs and even enter your bloodstream.
For individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, such exposure can trigger dangerous health complications. However, even healthy individuals are not immune to its effects, with symptoms ranging from irritated eyes and sore throats to long-term lung damage.
In this article, we’ll explore the serious health consequences of wildfire smoke exposure and discuss ways to protect yourself and your loved ones during wildfire season.
Download our free guide that has over 100+ of the best tips for healthy lungs.
Health Effects of Breathing in Wildfire Smoke
Breathing in wildfire smoke can have a wide range of health effects, depending on the level and duration of exposure, as well as individual health conditions.
Here are the most common health effects:
- Respiratory System Issues
- Cardiovascular Problems
- Reduced Lung Function
- Irritation of the Eyes, Nose, and Skin
- Neurological Effects
- Pregnancy Complications
- Immune System Suppression
- Psychological and Emotional Stress
Watch this video and keep reading to learn more about the health effects of breathing in wildfire smoke and when to seek medical attention.
Respiratory System Issues
One of the most immediate and concerning effects of breathing in wildfire smoke is respiratory distress. The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the smoke can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and irritation of the airways. This often results in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may experience severe exacerbations, leading to the need for medical intervention or hospitalization. Prolonged exposure to smoke can also increase the risk of developing respiratory infections, including bronchitis and pneumonia, as the lungs’ natural defenses become weakened.
Even healthy individuals may experience temporary reductions in lung function and persistent throat irritation after exposure to wildfire smoke. Taking measures to avoid inhaling smoke, such as staying indoors and using HEPA filters or N95 masks, is essential for protecting respiratory health during wildfire events.
Cardiovascular Problems
Breathing in wildfire smoke doesn’t just affect the lungs—it also poses a serious risk to cardiovascular health. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the bloodstream, leading to increased blood pressure, inflammation, and the thickening of blood vessels.
These changes can trigger heart arrhythmias, chest pain, and, in severe cases, heart attacks or strokes. People with pre-existing heart conditions are especially vulnerable, as even brief exposure can worsen their symptoms.
Studies have shown a spike in hospital visits for heart-related emergencies during wildfire events, highlighting the importance of minimizing exposure to smoke to protect heart health.
Reduced Lung Function
Prolonged or repeated exposure to wildfire smoke can lead to a significant decline in lung function, even in individuals with no history of respiratory conditions. The small particles in smoke can damage lung tissues, reducing their ability to expand and exchange oxygen effectively.
This can result in reduced lung capacity and difficulty performing physical activities that require deep breathing. For individuals with chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma or COPD, the damage can accelerate disease progression and lead to long-term complications.
In some cases, otherwise healthy individuals may experience symptoms resembling those of chronic bronchitis, including a persistent cough and mucus production. Protecting lung function during wildfire events is crucial, especially by reducing outdoor activity and maintaining clean indoor air.
Irritation of the Eyes, Nose, and Skin
Wildfire smoke contains irritants that can inflame the sensitive tissues of the eyes, nose, and skin. Common symptoms include red, itchy, watery eyes and a runny or congested nose due to inflamed nasal passages.
Prolonged exposure can also cause a burning sensation in the throat and sinus discomfort. Additionally, some individuals may experience skin irritation or rashes, especially if they have sensitive skin or allergies.
These effects can be particularly uncomfortable but are generally temporary if exposure is minimized. Using protective eyewear, staying indoors, and using saline nasal sprays can help alleviate these symptoms during periods of heavy smoke.
Neurological Effects
Wildfire smoke exposure can also impact the nervous system, leading to neurological symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. The fine particles and toxic gases in the smoke can reduce oxygen levels in the bloodstream and cause inflammation, potentially affecting brain function.
Prolonged exposure has been linked to cognitive issues, including difficulty concentrating and increased mental fog. Some studies suggest that long-term exposure to high levels of air pollution may increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia.
Note: Protecting the nervous system by limiting exposure to wildfire smoke and staying hydrated can help reduce the severity of these symptoms.
Pregnancy Complications
Breathing in wildfire smoke during pregnancy can pose serious risks to both the mother and the developing baby. The harmful pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide, can cross the placenta and affect fetal development.
Exposure to smoke has been linked to complications such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays. Pregnant individuals may also experience heightened respiratory and cardiovascular stress, making it more challenging for the body to maintain optimal oxygen levels.
To minimize risks, pregnant individuals should avoid outdoor activities during wildfire events, use indoor air purifiers, and consult healthcare providers if they experience breathing difficulties.
Immune System Suppression
Exposure to wildfire smoke can weaken the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to infections. The fine particles in the smoke cause inflammation in the respiratory tract, which disrupts the natural defense mechanisms that trap and clear out harmful pathogens. This increases the risk of developing respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
Additionally, prolonged inflammation can lead to systemic immune suppression, reducing the body’s ability to fight off other illnesses. People with compromised immune systems, such as older adults and those with chronic diseases, are particularly susceptible.
Note: Maintaining a healthy indoor environment and using protective measures can help support immune health during smoke exposure.
Psychological and Emotional Stress
Wildfire smoke not only affects physical health but also contributes to emotional and psychological stress. Prolonged exposure to poor air quality, evacuation uncertainties, and concerns about health risks can lead to increased anxiety, irritability, and feelings of helplessness.
Breathing difficulties and disrupted daily routines can also result in sleep disturbances, further exacerbating emotional distress. Individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions may experience worsening symptoms.
Creating a calming indoor environment, staying informed but not overwhelmed by news, and engaging in relaxing activities can help reduce stress levels. Seeking support from family, friends, or professionals is also essential during extended wildfire events.
FAQs About Breathing In Wildfire Smoke
What Happens if You Breathe in Smoke from a Wildfire?
Breathing in wildfire smoke exposes your lungs and body to harmful pollutants, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide, and toxic chemicals. These particles can irritate the airways, leading to coughing, throat irritation, and shortness of breath.
In more serious cases, it can worsen conditions like asthma, bronchitis, or COPD and increase the risk of lung infections. Long-term exposure may contribute to chronic respiratory issues and cardiovascular strain.
How Long Does It Take to Get Sick from Smoke Inhalation?
The time it takes to experience symptoms from wildfire smoke varies depending on the concentration of smoke and individual susceptibility.
Some people, especially those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, may feel effects within minutes of exposure, such as wheezing or irritation.
Others may notice symptoms, such as headaches or fatigue, after several hours or even days of exposure. Prolonged exposure increases the likelihood of more severe effects.
How Do You Detox Your Lungs from Wildfire Smoke?
To help detox your lungs, stay hydrated to thin mucus and help clear your airways. Breathing steam or using a humidifier can also soothe irritated lungs. Regular light exercise (if safe) may promote lung function by improving circulation, though it’s important to avoid outdoor activities during smoky conditions.
Consuming anti-inflammatory foods, such as fruits and vegetables, can help support lung health. Avoid additional irritants, such as smoking, and seek medical advice if symptoms persist.
What Respiratory Issues Are Caused by Wildfires?
Wildfires can cause both acute and chronic respiratory issues. Common short-term effects include coughing, wheezing, sore throat, and shortness of breath. Wildfire smoke can also trigger or worsen asthma and bronchitis flare-ups and may lead to inflammation of the lungs.
Long-term exposure may increase the risk of developing chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD. Additionally, repeated exposure can weaken the lungs’ defenses, making individuals more prone to respiratory infections like pneumonia.
How to Purify Air from Wildfire Smoke?
To purify indoor air from wildfire smoke, use a high-quality air purifier with a HEPA filter to trap fine particles. Keep windows and doors closed to prevent smoke from entering, and seal any gaps where outdoor air might leak in.
Avoid activities that worsen indoor air quality, such as burning candles or using gas stoves without ventilation. If an air purifier isn’t available, create a DIY air filter by attaching a HEPA filter to a box fan. Additionally, running your air conditioner with a clean filter and the recirculation mode can help maintain cleaner air indoors.
Is It Normal to Feel Sick After Inhaling Smoke?
Yes, it’s common to feel unwell after inhaling smoke, especially if the exposure was prolonged or intense. Symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea are typical, as wildfire smoke can lower oxygen levels and introduce toxins into the body.
Respiratory symptoms like coughing, throat irritation, and shortness of breath are also common. However, if you experience chest pain, severe difficulty breathing, or persistent symptoms, you should seek medical attention promptly.
How Long Does It Take for Lungs to Heal from Wildfire Smoke?
The time it takes for lungs to heal after smoke exposure depends on the severity and duration of exposure, as well as individual health factors.
For mild exposure, symptoms like coughing or irritation may resolve within a few days to a week. However, for those with pre-existing conditions or significant exposure, recovery may take weeks or longer.
In cases where wildfire smoke has caused inflammation or an infection, medical treatment may be needed to support recovery. Staying hydrated, avoiding further irritants, and using air purifiers can help speed up lung healing.
When to See a Doctor After Inhaling Wildfire Smoke?
You should see a doctor if you experience persistent coughing, chest pain, or difficulty breathing that doesn’t improve after avoiding smoke exposure. Seek medical attention if you have symptoms such as wheezing, dizziness, or shortness of breath, especially if you have underlying conditions like asthma, COPD, or heart disease.
Additionally, if you develop a fever, green or yellow mucus, or signs of an infection, a healthcare provider can help determine if further treatment is needed. Prompt medical care can prevent complications and promote faster recovery.
Final Thoughts
Wildfire smoke is more than just an environmental nuisance—it is a serious public health concern that can have lasting impacts on your lungs, heart, and overall well-being.
Understanding the dangers it poses is essential to minimizing your risk. Whether through wearing a respirator mask, using an air purifier, or limiting outdoor activities, taking preventive measures can significantly reduce exposure.
By staying informed and proactive, you can protect your health during wildfire events and reduce the risk of both short-term discomfort and long-term health complications.
Written by:
John Landry is a registered respiratory therapist from Memphis, TN, and has a bachelor's degree in kinesiology. He enjoys using evidence-based research to help others breathe easier and live a healthier life.
References
- D’Evelyn SM, Jung J, Alvarado E, Baumgartner J, Caligiuri P, Hagmann RK, Henderson SB, Hessburg PF, Hopkins S, Kasner EJ, Krawchuk MA, Krenz JE, Lydersen JM, Marlier ME, Masuda YJ, Metlen K, Mittelstaedt G, Prichard SJ, Schollaert CL, Smith EB, Stevens JT, Tessum CW, Reeb-Whitaker C, Wilkins JL, Wolff NH, Wood LM, Haugo RD, Spector JT. Wildfire, Smoke Exposure, Human Health, and Environmental Justice Need to be Integrated into Forest Restoration and Management. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2022.
- Vuorio A, Budowle B, Raal F, Kovanen PT. Wildfire smoke exposure and cardiovascular disease-should statins be recommended to prevent cardiovascular events? Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023.
- Shim JI, Byun G, Lee JT. Long-term exposure to particulate matter and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in Korea: a national population-based Cohort Study. Environ Health. 2023.